Bronchiolitis: A Common Viral Lung Infection in Infants and Young Children

March 15, 2026

A Common Viral Lung Infection in Infants and Young Children

Verified By
KIMS-SUNSHINE
Specialist,
15 March, 2026

Bronchiolitis_ A Common Viral Lung Infection in Infants and Young Children

Bronchiolitis is a very common cause for infant lung infection. It normally affects babies and children younger than 2 years of age. Since the bronchioles in the lungs get inflamed, this condition is termed bronchiolitis. This can make it hard for kids to breathe freely. Since it is a viral infection, antibiotics cannot be used to treat it. If you notice your child wheezing, having a fever or finding it hard to breathe, especially in the winter, don’t hesitate to get in touch with a pediatrician at KIMS Sunshine- as we are the best multispeciality hospital in Hyderabad.

Causes for Bronchiolitis in Infants-

Some well known causes include viruses like RSV, influenza, adenovirus, parainfluenza, SARS-Cov-2 or metapneumoviruses respectively, among others.

These viruses are highly contagious and can easily spread via contact with contaminated surfaces, or with exposure to an infected person who may cough or sneeze.

Other bronchiolitis risk factors are – if a baby is born before 37 weeks of pregnancy, presence of some congenital lung or heart condition, having some issue with the immune system and how it functions or going to a daycare or school regularly.

Bronchiolitis Symptoms In Babies-

Early symptoms look just like that of a cold- like a runny nose, light fever below 101 degrees fahrenheit, some coughing, fussing and fatigue.

The other symptoms of a moderate bout of bronchiolitis include-

Wheezing in infants
Coughing
Children may grunt when trying to breathe
The nostrils may be flared.

Severe bronchiolitis can lead to the following symptoms-

Not being able to latch and feed along with extreme fatigue
The chest looks like it is retracting or moving inwards when they try to breathe
Cyanosis- where the skin of the extremities look blue. This means children are not getting enough oxygen.
Not peeing, crying or having a very dry mouth can point to dehydration.

When you notice the last bunch of symptoms, call for emergency medical help immediately. Untreated bronchiolitis can lead to complications like pneumonia, asthma or respiratory failure in very severe cases.

Diagnosis of Bronchiolitis-

A detailed physical exam is done to understand your child’s symptoms in greater detail. Blood oxygen level is measured periodically with a pulse oximeter. At times, your doctor may ask to get a swab of the nasal fluid, so that a culture test can be performed on it. Severe symptoms may warrant the use of imaging like chest x-rays.

Treatment for Bronchiolitis-

Children normally tend to get better in a week or so, like when they have the flu. So, you can keep them at home and make sure they stay warm and hydrated. Antipyretics can be used to bring down fevers. Severe cases of bronchiolitis may be treated with antiviral medicines like oseltamivir. IV fluids can be given for dehydration, while oxygen therapy is recommended when blood oxygen saturation levels are low and if children are not able to breathe.

Saline nose drops can help with a stuffy nose. Though most symptoms go away in a week, some children may cough for much longer- almost up to a month.

Conclusion

Bronchiolitis is a viral lung infection that affects very young children and infants. It is very common and can cause symptoms which look very similar to the flu, asthma or other related conditions, where a stuffy nose and not being able to breathe are common signs. It is easily treatable. You should consider talking to an experienced pediatrician, when you notice your child having symptoms. So, call us at KIMS Sunshine today, as we are the best hospital in Hyderabad.

Frequently Asked Questions

What is bronchiolitis in infants?

Bronchiolitis is a common lung infection that affects babies and young children, causing inflammation of the small airways called bronchioles. It is usually caused by viral infections, leading to swelling and mucus buildup that restrict airflow and make breathing difficult in infants with developing immune systems.

What are the symptoms of bronchiolitis?

Symptoms begin with a runny nose and mild cough, followed by wheezing, rapid breathing, and difficulty feeding. Infants may show chest retractions, irritability, and reduced activity. As the condition progresses, breathing effort increases, and oxygen levels may fall, requiring close monitoring to prevent complications and ensure adequate hydration and oxygenation.

How is bronchiolitis diagnosed?

Diagnosis is based on clinical evaluation, including medical history and physical examination. Doctors assess breathing patterns, oxygen levels, and chest sounds. Laboratory tests are not always required, though viral testing may be used in some cases. Chest X-rays are reserved for unclear or severe presentations to rule out other respiratory conditions.

When should parents take a baby with bronchiolitis to the hospital?

Parents should seek hospital care if the baby shows signs of severe breathing difficulty, such as rapid breathing, chest retractions, or pauses in breathing. Poor feeding, dehydration, bluish lips, or extreme fatigue also require urgent evaluation. Infants with underlying health conditions or very young age need prompt medical attention for closer monitoring.

Can bronchiolitis be prevented?

Prevention includes regular handwashing, avoiding exposure to sick individuals, and keeping infants away from crowded environments during peak viral seasons. Breastfeeding supports immune protection. High-risk infants may receive preventive medications such as Palivizumab to reduce the risk of severe infection caused by respiratory syncytial virus.